ÿþ<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Summary of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; - Kupaianaha Eruption, K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawai`i</TITLE> <META NAME="description" CONTENT="Summary of the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; - Kupaianaha eruption, the longest-lived historical eruption of K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawai`i, from its east rift zone, 1983 - present."> <META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="USGS,HVO,volcano,volcanoes,eruption,lava,lava flows,tephra,gas,Kilauea,Kilauea Volcano,Puu Oo,Pu`u`O`o,Kupaianaha,Kalapana,Royal Gardens,Kamoamoa,Lae`apuki,Waha`ula,Wahaula,Hawaii,HI,Hawai`i"> <META NAME="author" CONTENT="HVO, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory"> <META NAME="publisher" CONTENT="USGS, U.S. Geological Survey"> <META NAME="created" CONTENT="19980313"> <META NAME="expires" CONTENT="Never"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text-html; charset=utf-8"> </HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" BACKGROUND="/templates/stripe100.gif" VLINK="#FF6600"> <table border="0" width="600" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="http://www.usgs.gov"><img src="/templates/banner3c.gif" alt="USGS" valign="top" border="0" width="600" height="74"></a><br> <a href="/observatory/"><img src="/templates/banner3d.gif" ALT="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory" border="0" width="600" height="31"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <!-- Table of navigation links begins here --> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"> <TABLE BORDER="0"><TR><TD> <A href="#link_group_0"> <img src="http://welcome.hp.com/country/img/spacer.gif" alt="skip past main content navigational bar" border="0" height="1" width="1"></a> <IMG WIDTH="85" HEIGHT="2" BORDER="0" Alt="yellow horizontal separator line" SRC="/templates/stripelead.gif"><P> <IMG ALT="K&#299;lauea" WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="21" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/kilauea2.gif"><BR> <IMG BORDER="0" Alt="bullet - no meaning" SRC="/templates/bullet2.gif"><A HREF="http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/kilaueastatus.php"><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FFFFFF">Eruption<BR> <IMG BORDER="0" Alt="spacer" SRC="/templates/space2.gif">Update</FONT></A><BR> <IMG BORDER="0" Alt="bullet - no meaning" SRC="/templates/bullet2.gif"><A HREF="/kilauea/hazards/main.html"><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FFFFFF">Hazards</FONT></A><BR> <IMG BORDER="0" Alt="bullet - no meaning" SRC="/templates/bullet2.gif"><A HREF="/kilauea/history/main.html"><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FFFFFF">History</FONT></A><BR> <IMG BORDER="0" Alt="bullet - no meaning" SRC="/templates/bullet2.gif"><A HREF="/cams"><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FFFFFF">Webcam</FONT></A><BR> <IMG BORDER="0" Alt="bullet - no meaning" SRC="/templates/bullet2.gif"><A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/volcanomovies"><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FFFFFF">Volcano<BR> <IMG BORDER="0" Alt="spacer" SRC="/templates/space2.gif">Movies</FONT></A><P> <IMG WIDTH="85" HEIGHT="2" BORDER="0" Alt="yellow horizontal separator line" SRC="/templates/stripelead.gif"><P> <A HREF="/maunaloa/"><IMG ALT="Mauna Loa" WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="21" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/mauna3.gif"></A><P> <IMG WIDTH="85" HEIGHT="2" BORDER="0" Alt="yellow horizontal separator line" SRC="/templates/stripelead.gif"><P> <A HREF="/earthquakes/"><IMG ALT="Earthquakes" WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="21" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/quake3.gif"></A><P> <IMG WIDTH="85" HEIGHT="2" BORDER="0" Alt="yellow horizontal separator line" SRC="/templates/stripelead.gif"><P> <A HREF="/volcanoes/"><IMG ALT="Other Volcanoes" WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="36" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/other3.gif"></A><P> <IMG WIDTH="85" HEIGHT="2" BORDER="0" Alt="yellow horizontal separator line" SRC="/templates/stripelead.gif"><P> <A HREF="/hazards/"><IMG ALT="Volcanic Hazards" WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="36" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/hazards3.gif"></A><P> <IMG WIDTH="85" HEIGHT="2" BORDER="0" Alt="yellow horizontal separator line" SRC="/templates/stripelead.gif"><P> <A HREF="/observatory/"><IMG ALT="About HVO" WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="21" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/observatory3.gif"></A> <A name="link_group_0"></a> <P><IMG WIDTH="85" HEIGHT="2" BORDER="0" Alt="yellow horizontal separator line" SRC="/templates/stripelead.gif"><P> </TD></TR></TABLE> </td> <td align="left" valign="top"> <!-- Table of main content begins here --> <table width="506" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"><a href="/kilauea/"><img src="/templates/kilauea4a.gif" alt="kilauea" width="500" height="24" border="0"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"> <H2>Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; Kupaianaha<BR> K&#299;lauea's East Rift Zone Eruption<BR> 1983 to present</H2> </td> </tr> <tr> <TD align="center"> <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/2553004_caption.html"><IMG ALT="Lava fountain erupts from Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;" WIDTH="125" HEIGHT="200" BORDER="0" SRC="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/2553004_S.jpg"></A><BR> <CENTER><FONT SIZE="2"><B>Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; cone (1984)</B></FONT></CENTER> </TD> <TD align="center"> <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/2553005_caption.html"><IMG ALT="Lava pond atop Kupaianaha shield" WIDTH="125" HEIGHT="200" BORDER="0" SRC="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/2553005_S.jpg"></A><BR> <center><FONT SIZE="2"><B>Kupaianaha shield (1986)</B></FONT></CENTER> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- table for summary text begins here --> <table width="506" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr><td> <H3>Eruption Overview</H3> <P>K&#299;lauea's ongoing Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; Kupaianaha eruption, which began in January 1983, ranks as the most voluminous outpouring of lava from the volcano's east rift zone in the past five centuries. By January 2011, 3.5 km<sup>3</sup> (0.8 mi<sup>3</sup>) of lava have covered 123.2 km<sup>2</sup> (47.6 mi<sup>2</sup>), and added 206 hectares (510 acres) to K&#299;lauea's southern shore. Lava flows have also destroyed 213 structures, and resurfaced 14 km (9 mi) of highway, covering it with as much as 35 m (115 ft) of lava. <P> The eruption can be roughly divided in to four time periods. From 1983 to 1986, a series of 44 short-lived lava fountains built a cinder-and-spatter cone later named Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;. In 1986, the eruption migrated 3 km (1.8 mi) eastward down K&#299;lauea's east rift zone, where a nearly continuous outpouring of lava built a broad shield, Kupaianaha, and sent flows to the coast for more than five years. <P> In 1992, the eruption shifted back to vents on the flanks of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;. Over the next 15 years, nearly continuous effusion of lava from these vents sent flows to the ocean, mainly within Hawai&#699;i Volcanoes National Park. A significant change during the 1992 2007 activity was the collapse of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;'s west flank in January 1997. <P> In June 2007, an hours-long, unwitnessed eruption uprift of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; led to renewed collapse within the cone and a brief hiatus in activity. When the eruption resumed in July 2007, new vents opened between Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; and Kupaianaha. In early 2008, nearly continuous lava effusion from those vents sent flows down the south flank of K&#299;lauea. Tube-fed lava reached the ocean at intermittent entries from March 2008 to February 2011. In mid-2010 and early 2011, lava flows reached the Kalapana Gardens subdivision, destroying three homes. <P> <h3>Eruption summary</h3> <ul> <li><a href="#1983">1983-1986, Rise of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;</a> <li><a href="#1986">1986-1992, Shift to Kupaianaha</a> <li><a href="#1992">1992-2007, Return to Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; </a> <li><a href="#2007">2007-2011, Another downrift shift</a> <li><a href="#Mar2011">March 2011, A new period or a return to previous habits?</a> <li><A HREF="http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hvo/activity/kilaueastatus.php">What's happening today? K&#299;lauea Daily Update</a> </ul> <A name="link_group_3"></a> <p><b>Resources</b> <ul> <li><a href="/kilauea/update/maps.html">Current map</a> of flow field </li> <li><a href="/kilauea/Kilauea_map.html">Map of K&#299;lauea Volcano</a></li> <li>Current <a href="/kilauea/summary/Current_table.html">table of eruption statistics</a> <li>Sketch of <a href="/kilauea/erz_xsec.html">magma reservoir system and lava tubes</a> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><A NAME="1983"> <b>1983-1986, Rise of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;: Lava fountains build a cinder-and-spatter cone </b></A> <table border="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td width="450" align="center"> <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/24ds064_caption.html"><IMG ALT="Lava fountains erupt from the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; vent. (September 1983)" WIDTH="350" HEIGHT="219" BORDER="0" SRC="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/24ds064_M.jpg"></A> </td> <TR> <td colspan="2" align="center"><FONT SIZE="2"><B> Lava fountains erupt from the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; vent. (September 1983) </td> </tr> </table> <p> K&#299;lauea's ongoing Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;-Kupaianaha eruption began on January 3, 1983. For the first six months, <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1983to1986.html#2553001">fissures</a> erupted intermittently between N&#257;pau Crater and Kalalua along the middle section of the volcano s east rift zone. In June 1983, the eruption became localized at a vent, later named <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1983to1986.html#24ds064">Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;</A>, which straddles the eastern boundary of Hawai&#699;i Volcanoes National Park. For the next three years, Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; erupted approximately every three to four weeks, usually for less than 24 hours at a time. These eruptive episodes were characterized by spectacular <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1983to1986.html#2553028">lava fountains</a> that catapulted lava as high as 470 m (1,540 ft) above the vent. </p> <P> Fallout from the towering lava fountains built a <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1983to1986.html#2553023">cinder-and-spatter cone</A> 255 m (837 ft) high&mdash;more than twice the height of any other cone on K&#299;lauea's east rift zone. Most airborne fragments were blown downwind by prevailing trade winds, so the cinder and spatter were piled higher on the southwest side of the vent, forming a strikingly asymmetric cone. <P> The high fountains produced mainly <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1983to1986.html#2553003">&#699;a&#699;&#257; flows</A>, the more viscous of the two types of Hawaiian lava. &#699;A&#699;&#257; flows erupted from Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; were typically 3 5 m (10 16 ft) thick and advanced at speeds of 50 500 m (160 1,640 ft) per hour, picking up speed and narrowing on steep slopes. Because of the short duration of each eruptive episode, none of the &#699;a&#699;&#257; flows reached the ocean or coastal highway. However, the flows posed an immediate threat to the sparsely populated <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1983to1986.html#2553002">Royal Gardens subdivision</a> located on a steep slope 6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of the vent. &#699;A&#699;&#257; flows, which reached the subdivision in as little as 13 hours during several eruptive episodes, destroyed 16 houses in 1983 1984.</P> <p>&nbsp; <p><A NAME="1986"> <b>1986-1992, Eruption shifts to Kupaianaha: Lava flows reach the sea </b></A> <table border="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td width="450" align="center"> <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/24ds241_caption.html"><IMG ALT="Steam explosions often occur when lava enters the sea. (February 1988)" WIDTH="350" HEIGHT="219" BORDER="0" SRC="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/24ds241_M.jpg"></A> </td> <TR> <td colspan="2" align="center"><FONT SIZE="2"><B>Steam explosions often occur when lava enters the sea. (February 1988) </td> </tr> </table> <p> In July 1986, the vertical conduit leading to Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; ruptured and the eruption shifted to a new vent on K&#299;lauea's east rift zone, about 3 km (1.8 mi) northeast of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;. This marked the end of episodic high fountaining and the beginning of five-and-a-half years of nearly continuous and relatively quiet effusion of lava. Frequent overflows from a lava pond that formed over the new vent built a broad, low <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986to1991.html#2553006">shield</a>, later named Kupaianaha, which reached a maximum height of 55 m (180 ft) in less than a year.</P> <p> After weeks of continuous eruption, the main channel exiting the pond formed a <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986to1991.html#2553008">lava tube</a>. A broad field of tube-fed p&#257;hoehoe flows gradually spread down the flank of Kilauea toward the coast, 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Kupaianaha. These flows took three months to cover the same distance that &#699;a&#699;&#257; flows from Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; traveled in less than a day. <P> In early November 1986, flows were visible on the steep slope above the small community of Kapa&#699ahu, and the lava's leisurely pace was no longer reassuring. By the end of the month, flows erupted from Kupaianaha reached the <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986to1991.html#2553032">ocean</A>, cutting a swath through Kapa&#699ahu and closing the coastal highway. A few weeks later, the lava took a more easterly course and overran 14 homes on the northwest edge of <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986to1991.html#2553015">Kalapana</A> in a single day. Luckily for the rest of the village, this flow abruptly stagnated when the tube became blocked near the vent. <P> Over the next three years, lava destroyed homes on either side of the ever-widening flow field. Initially, the p&#257;hoehoe flow path was strongly influenced by pre-eruption topography, but eventually, even high-ground areas were inundated by lava as tube-fed flows inflated around them. This occurred because p&#257;hoehoe flows thicken from within, inflating as molten lava is intruded beneath the solid crust that forms as a flow surface cools and hardens. <P> From mid-1987 through 1989, most lava erupted from Kupaianaha flowed directly to the sea, often causing <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986to1991.html#24ds241">steam explosions</A>. As the molten lava poured into the ocean, it shattered into small glassy fragments, which accumulated in protected downshore bays to form black sand beaches. New, albeit unstable, land was also added to the shoreline as lava built a series of deltas seaward over a steep submarine slope of fragmented lava (see <A HREF="/hazards/oceanentry/deltacollapse/">When Lava Enters the Sea: Growth and Collapse of Lava Deltas</A>).</p> <P> The long-lived Kupaianaha tube system began to break down in the spring of 1989. As a result, <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986to1991.html#24ds317">surface flows</a> were a common occurrence, particularly on P&#363;lama pali, the steep slope above the coastal plain. These flows encroached on new territory, and eventually overran the <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986to1991.html#24ds255">Waha`ula Visitor Center</A> and adjoining residences in Hawai&#699;i Volcanoes National Park.</p> <p>In March 1990, the eruption entered its most destructive period of the 20th century when lava flows turned toward <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986to1991.html#24ds331">Kalapana</a>, an area cherished for its historic sites and black sand beaches. By the end of the summer, the entire community, including a church, store, and 100 homes, were buried beneath 15-25 m (50-80 ft) of lava (<a href="/kilauea/history/1990Kalapana/">see detailed summary</a>). As the lava flows advanced eastward, they took to the sea, replacing the palm-lined Kaim&#363; Bay with a plain of lava that now extends 300 m (985 ft) beyond the original shoreline. In late 1990, a new lava tube finally diverted lava away from Kalapana and back into the National Park, where flows once again entered the ocean.</p> <p> During the five-and-a-half years that Kupaianaha reigned, repeated collapses of the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; conduit gradually enlarged the <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1986to1991.html#2553029">crater</a> within the cone to about 300 m (985 ft) in diameter. A lava pond was sporadically present in this crater as early as 1987, but by 1990, it was present much of the time.</p> <p> The volume of lava erupted from Kupaianaha steadily declined through 1991. Concurrently, the level of and activity in the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; lava pond increased. In November 1991, fissures opened between Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; and Kupaianaha and erupted lava for three weeks. Kupaianaha continued to erupt during this event, but its output waned as time went on. By February 7, 1992, the Kupaianaha vent was dead.</p> <p>&nbsp; <P><A NAME="1992"> <b>1992-2007, Eruption returns to Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;: Vents open on the flanks of the cone</b></a> <table border="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td width="450" align="center"> <A href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/19920317-CH_caption.html"><img alt="Lava erupted from flank vents built a shield against the west side of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; cone. This shield continued to grow during subsequent episodes. (March 1992)" src="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/19920317-CH_med.jpg" width="350" height="219" border="0"></A> </td> <TR> <td colspan="2" align="center"><FONT SIZE="2"><B>Lava erupted from flank vents built a shield against the west side of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; cone. <BR>This shield continued to grow during subsequent episodes. (March 1992) </td> </tr> </table> <P> Ten days after Kupaianaha stopped erupting in February 1992, activity returned to Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;. Lava erupted in low fountains along a fissure on the west flank of the steep-sided cone. This was the first in a series of <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1992to1994.html#19920218-JG">flank vents</a> that were active over the next 15 years. As at Kupaianaha, the style of the eruption was nearly continuous, quiet effusion of lava.</p> <p> The new flank vent activity quickly built a <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1992to1994.html#19920317-CH">lava shield</a> 45 m (150 ft) high and 1 km (0.6 mi) in diameter that banked against the western side of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;. <P> In November 1992, lava again flowed downslope, crossed the Chain of Craters Road in Hawai&#699;i Volcanoes National Park and entered the ocean at <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1992to1994.html#2553016">Kamoamoa</a>, 11 km (7 mi) from Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;. Over the next month, tube-fed p&#257;hoehoe flows buried the Kamoamoa archaeological site, a National Park campground and picnic area, and a black sand beach formed earlier when Kupaianaha lava flows entered the ocean. From the end of 1992 through January 1997, a series of <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1992to1994.html#24dsnsg03">lava tubes</a> carried lava to the ocean almost continuously, broadening the Kamoamoa flow field, which was mostly within Hawai&#699;i Volcanoes National Park.</P> <P>Beginning in 1993, collapse pits appeared on the west side of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; as lava erupted from the flank vents  eroded through tephra beneath the cone. By the end of 1996, the largest of the pits, the <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1995to1998.html#2553017">"Great Pit"</a>, had engulfed most of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; s western flank.</P> <p>On the night of January 30, 1997, Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; changed dramatically when magma drained from its conduit. First, the crater floor, and then, the west wall, of the cone collapsed. Shortly thereafter, new fissures broke open and erupted briefly in and near N&#257;pau Crater. The entire event was over in 24 hours.</p> <p>The <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1995to1998.html#16112441-029">collapse</A> created a large gap in the west side of the cone, and the floor of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; dropped to form a rubble-lined crater 210 m (690 ft) deep. For the next 23 days, no active lava was visible at the eruption site. Then, on February 24, 1997, lava returned to the floor of the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; crater. A month later, lava erupted outside the crater from <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1995to1998.html#16112441-036">new vents</A> on the west and southwest flanks of the cone. Flows from these vents reached the ocean in July 1997 near the eastern boundary of Hawai&#699;i Volcanoes National Park. </p> <p> As tubes carried lava to the ocean, down-cutting beneath the flank vents continued to remove support for the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; cone. A new collapse pit, <a href="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1995to1998.html#19981112_2585">Puka Nui</a>, began to form on the southwest flank of the cone in December 1997.</p> <p> On September 12, 1999, an earthquake swarm and summit deflation heralded the intrusion of magma in K&#299;lauea's upper east rift zone (<A HREF="/multimedia/archive/19990914/main.html">see summary in eruption archive</A>), the 7th such event to occur during this eruption. As magma was diverted into the upper east rift zone, the conduit to Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; was depressurized, and the normal supply of magma to the vent was interrupted for 11 days&mdash;the longest pause in activity since the hiatus following the 1997 cone collapse. </p> <p> During the 11-day pause, the lava tube system became permanently blocked about 8 km (5 mi) from the coast, at an elevation of 533 m (1,750 ft). When the eruption resumed, surface flows broke out of the tube above the blockage, at 625 m (2,050 ft) elevation. For several weeks, persistent breakouts formed large perched ponds over the tube. Hundreds of short overflows from these ponds built a <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1999to2000.html#19990924-SRB-07">series of rootless shields</A>, 5 20 m (16 65 ft) high and up to 500 m (1,640 ft) in diameter, that coalesced to form a prominent ridge along the axis of the tube. </P> <p>At the same time, heightened activity occurred in and near the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; crater with active lava <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/19990925-4200_caption.html">covering most of the crater floor</A>, as well as the floor of Puka Nui. <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/19990924_SRB_caption.html">Spatter cones</A> also formed both inside the crater and on the flanks of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;. </p> <p>Eventually, longer flows advanced down the pali, and lava again <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/erupt/1999to2000.html#19991215-434_DAS">reached the ocean</A> in mid-December 1999. Over the next two years, a series of lava tubes spread lava across the growing flow field and fed lava into the ocean most of the time. </p> <p>By the end of 2001, however, the lower reaches of the tube system began to stagnate. The ocean entries soon died, and lava breakouts high on the tube increased. As in 1999, overflowing <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2002/Jan/20020117-0760_JPK_large.jpg">perched ponds</A> built <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2002/Feb/20020215-1088_RPH_large.jpg">rootless shields</A> along the burgeoning tube. By the end of March 2002, eight main shields had coalesced to form a continuous ridge, 2.7 km ( mi) long and up to 1.5 km ( mi) wide, between the 685- and 610-m (2250- and 2000-ft) elevations. A fantastic group of hornitos of all sizes formed over the tube in the first three months of 2002, with several reaching heights of 8-12 m (26-40 ft). </p> <p> Early 2002 was also a period of heightened activity in and near the <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2002/Apr/20020425-0055_DAS_large.jpg">Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; crater</A>. Several spatter cones formed within Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;, <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2002/Apr/20020406-0007_DAS_large.jpg">Puka Nui</A> and <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2002/Mar/20020321-1527_RPH_large.jpg">West Gap</A> in April-May 2002. </p> <p>Then, on May 12, 2002, a new flank vent opened on the west side of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;, feeding flows down the western margin of the flow field and sparking the largest <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2002/Jun/20020601-2121_JPK_large.jpg">forest fire</A> in Hawai&#699;i Volcanoes National Park in 15 years. As this <A HREF="/images/home/IMG_1932_L.jpg">"Mother's Day"</A> flow relieved pressure in the complex magmatic plumbing system beneath Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;, activity in and near the crater died. The older tube, topped by hornitos and rootless shields, remained active through August, but its activity was much diminished after the Mother's Day flow began.</p> <p>The Mother's Day flow <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2002/Jul/20020721-1398_CCH_large.jpg">reached the ocean</A> near the end of Chain of Craters Road in July 2002. For the next year and a half, lava entered the ocean nearly continuously at several locations on the western side of the flow field. Activity on the lower reaches of the tube system then began to diminish, and by mid-November 2003, all surface flows from the Mother's Day tube were associated with <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2003/Dec/20031231-0788_DAS_large.jpg">rootless shield</A> activity within 3 km (2 mi) of the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; cone. Once again, <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2003/Oct/20031003-0014_DAS_large.jpg">spatter cones</A> were active in the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; crater, Puka Nui, and West Gap.</p> <p>In January 2004, lava flowed out of the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2004/Jan/20040116-0752_TO_large.jpg">crater</A> for the first time since 1998. Small flows briefly overtopped West Gap and the east rim of the crater on three occasions. A few days later, on Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, four <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2004/Jan/20040118-142-4270_RPH_large.jpg">new vents</A> opened on the south side of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;, producing a short-lived, but spectacular, flow. For the rest of the year, additional vents, collectively known as  MLK vents, opened in the same area, intermittently producing spatter and small lava flows. </p> <p>After the MLK vents opened, activity in Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; s crater diminished, but then resumed in early February 2004. This heightened activity culminated in another major breakout&mdash;the Prince Kuhio Kalaniana`ole (PKK) flows&mdash;on the southwest side Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; in March 2004. By August 2004, the PKK lava tube became dominant, replacing the Mother's Day tube, and remained active for the next three years, sending lava to the ocean at several locations in the National Park.</p> <p>The PKK tube also fed the <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2005/Oct/20051014-0137_TO_large.jpg">East Lae apuki</A> ocean entry, which was active for 22 months&mdash;one of the longest-lived ocean entries of the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; Kupaianaha eruption&mdash;and built a large delta with a surface area of 23 hectares (57 acres). On November 28, 2005, the East Lae`apuki ocean entry became the site of the largest <A HREF="/gallery/kilauea/volcanomovies/#oceanentry">delta collapse</A> during this eruption when an estimated surface area of 17.8 hectares (44 acres) collapsed into sea. </p> <p>In mid-October 2005, subsidence became the main activity at Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;. Over a period of several days, the entire southern part of the crater subsided, <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2005/Oct/20051025-0303_TO_large.jpg">claiming several cones</A> on the crater floor, as well as part of the south rim of the crater. In early November, renewed subsidence caused the formation of a shallow trough across the south side of the crater and further slumping of the south crater wall.</p> <p>A year later, in October 2006, renewed, but less extensive, subsidence again occurred on the south side of the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; crater. Collapse of the crater floor also triggered additional subsidence of slump blocks on the <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2006/Oct/20061015_3102-CCH_L.jpg">south rim</A> of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;, which dropped several meters (yards). This period of collapse culminated with the collapse of two <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2006/Oct/20060727-0772-TJT.jpg">West Gap cones</A>, leaving a pit with a talus-covered floor. Thereafter, Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; remained active, but relatively quiet, through mid-2007.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <P><A NAME="2007"> <b>2007-2011, Another downrift shift: Eruption builds a shield between Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; and Kupaianaha and sends lava flows down K&#299;lauea's south flank</b></a> <table border="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td width="450" align="center"> <img alt="Lava erupted from flank vents built a shield against the west side of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; cone. This shield continued to grow during subsequent episodes. (March 1992)" src="/multimedia/archive/2007/Oct/20071007-JPK-1292_M.jpg" width="350" height="234" border="0"> </td> <TR> <td colspan="2" align="center"><FONT SIZE="2"><B>Lava erupted from the July 21, 2007 vents created a perched lava channel that carried flows briefly toward the northeast. (October 2007) </td> </tr> </table> <P> <B><I>Father's Day event</I></B>: On June 17, 2007, an intrusion of magma into the upper east rift zone of K&#299;lauea depressurized the magma reservoir beneath Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;. As a result, the floor of <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2007/20070618_PuuOO.jpg">Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; collapsed</A> to form a rubble-filled crater about 80 m (260 ft) deep, severing the supply of lava into the PKK lava tube, active since 2004. The intrusion culminated with a brief eruption on the east flank of <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2007/IMG_5159c-CCH.jpg">K&#257;ne Nui O Hamo</A> cone on June 19. The volcano then entered a hiatus, during which there was no eruptive activity at the surface. <P> After two-weeks of quiet, the eruption resumed at Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; on July 1, when lava began to refill the crater. Starting on July 8, effusion waned as the crater began to uplift in a piston-like fashion. The uplift was superimposed on, and eventually superceded, <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2007/Jul/DSCN0816_L.jpg">infilling of the crater</A>, which reached to within 30 m (100 ft) of the eastern rim of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; crater by mid-July. <P> <B><I>July 21 event (Episode 58)</I></B>: The uplift, an indication of pressure building beneath Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;, ended on July 21 when an <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2007/Jul/DSCN1049r_L.jpg">erupting fissure</A> opened on the east flank of Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; and propagated eastward toward Kupaianaha. This activity, which marked the onset of Episode 58 of K&#299;lauea's ongoing east rift zone eruption, eventually focused over the eastern end of the fissure, producing a series of short-lived <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2007/Jul/20070727-1217-TRO_L.jpg">channelized &#699;a&#699;&#257; flows</A> that reached up to 6 km (3.7 mi) to the northeast. <P> In late August, the open lava channel feeding the &#699;a&#699;&#257; flows began to overflow its banks, resulting in the progressive development of a <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2007/Aug/20070826-JPK-0700_L.jpg"> perched lava channel</A>, described as such because it was elevated above the surrounding terrain. It eventually stood 45 m (148 ft) above the older lava surface on which it was built. <P> <I><B>TEB diversion</B></I>: The perched lava channel fed short flows through the end of 2007, but its dominance ended on November 21, when the <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2007/Nov/20071123-1655-TRO_L.jpg">Thanksgiving Eve breakout</A> (TEB) diverted most lava to the southeast before it could reach the channel. A <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2007/Dec/20071220_jk_2316_L.jpg">low lava shield</A> developed over the TEB vent, and, by the end of December 2007, a series of <A HREF="http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/rootless.php">rootless shields</A> had grown on the southeast flank of the TEB shield. <P> The perched channel was eventually abandoned in early 2008, as rootless shields continued to build along the trace of the developing TEB tube system. In January and February, flank collapses on three rootless shields released relatively fast-moving, but short-lived, &#699;a&#699;&#257; flows that threatened the beleaguered Royal Gardens subdivision. In late February, several abandoned <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2008/Feb/20080229-3721-TRO_L.jpg">Royal Gardens</A> structures were destroyed as lava flows finally began advancing down K&#299;lauea's south flank toward the coast. <P> <I><B>Ocean entry established</B></I>: Lava advanced quickly across the coastal plain and reached the ocean near Waikupanaha on March 5&mdash;the first lava flow to enter the ocean in almost nine months. Within weeks, a relatively stable tube system developed, feeding lava to the <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2008/Mar/20080306-3423-JK_L.jpg">Waikupanaha ocean entry</A> almost continuously for the next 22 months. The Waikupanaha delta remained fairly small, however, due to frequent collapses, some of which were accompanied by rock blasts that tossed blocks up to 275 m (900 ft) inland. <P> In late June and early July 2008, a short-lived surge in effusion led to spectacular surface flows, <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2008/Jun/20080707_8918-TOrr_L.jpg">low lava fountains</A> from the tops of several of the TEB rootless shields, and <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2008/Jun/20080716_0034_mpld_L.jpg">littoral fountains</A> at the ocean entry. <P> Then, in early October 2008, breakouts from the TEB tube developed into a new western tube branch that fed lava flows down the west side of the TEB flow field. These flows destroyed a few more structures in Royal Gardens. Lava then slowly spread across the coastal plain, forming a broad, inflated flow field and feeding several short-lived ocean entries west of Waikupanaha. <P> These surface flows and ocean entries stalled in mid-July 2009 when a series of persistent breakouts near the top of Royal Gardens captured the lava previously moving downslope through tubes. Several more abandoned structures within the subdivision were destroyed. The tube supplying lava to the Waikupanaha entry was not affected. <P> The Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; crater grew slightly in 2009 due to several small rim collapses, and continued as the main east rift degassing source. The crater, with a maximum depth of around 90 100 m (295 330 ft) below the east rim, was floored by rubble. <P> At the end of 2009, a brief pause in the eruption led to the eventual <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2009/Nov/20100107_9799_L.jpg">demise of the long-lived Waikupanaha ocean entry</A> on January 4, 2010. Active for 22 months, Waikupanaha is matched in duration only by the 2005 2007 East Lae apuki ocean entry. <P> The eruption resumed on January 6, 2010, sending lava back through Royal Gardens along the <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2009/Nov/20100119_4394_torr_L.jpg">west side of the Episode 58 flow field</A> and onto the coastal plain. This flow crossed into the National Park, but stagnated before reaching the ocean as new breakouts started upslope. <P> In March, lava advanced slowly downhill again, this time along the eastern edge of the Episode 58 flow field, where it covered the end of Highway 130. By late April, this flow had reached the ocean at <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2009/Nov/20100521_5763_L.jpg">K+</A>, forming a new entry that was active until June 2, when the lava tube was drained by more breakouts upslope. <P> <I><B>Lava flows enter Kalapana again</B></I>: In July, lava marched down the east margin of the Episode 58 flow field once again, and began to fill in a low area <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2009/Nov/20100723_0532_torr_L.jpg">west of the Kalapana Gardens</A> subdivision, destroying a residence on July 25. <P> Fortunately, by the end of July, flows were diverted away from the subdivision&mdash;for a while&mdash;as lava again reached the ocean, forming the <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2010/Aug/20100806_0816_torr_1_L.jpg">&#699;Ili&#699;ili and Puhi-o-Kalaikini entries</A>. Small breakouts upslope of the buried trace of Highway 130 from August through November resulted in the destruction of another Kalapana Gardens residence on November 27, 2010. <P> Two days later, a breakout above the pali cut off the flows threatening Kalapana Gardens and terminated the ocean entry. But, by mid-December, lava reoccupied the Quarry tube system and flows once again reached the coastal plain. <P> In early 2011, these <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2011/Jan/20110120_torr_2112_A_L.jpg">flows encroached on the Kalapana Gardens subdivision</A>, where another residence was destroyed on January 17&mdash;the 213<sup>th</sup> structure destroyed by lava since K&#299;lauea's east rift zone eruption began in 1983. Flows also reached the ocean, forming short-lived ocean entries in January and February. <P> Sporadically active vents erupted within the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; crater through 2010, with <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2010/Aug/20101209_ftrusdell_1868_L.jpg">lava flows pooling on the crater floor</A>. Spatter cones atop the vents formed high points on low lava shields building up on the crater floor. <P> At the end of 2010, the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; crater floor was about 53 m (175 ft) below the east rim of the crater. By March 3, 2011, however, lava infilling had raised the crater floor to only 20 m (65 ft) below the lowest point on the east rim. But then, things changed. <p>&nbsp;</p> <P><A NAME="Mar2011"> <b>March 2011, Beginning of a new period or a return to previous habits?</b></a> <table border="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td width="450" align="center"> <img alt="Lava erupting from the Kamoamoa fissure on March 8, 2011. The fissure extended 2.3 km (1.4 mi) from Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; (background) to near N&#257;pau Crater (foreground)." src="/multimedia/archive/2007/Oct/20110308_6286_torr_A_M.jpg" width="350" height="233" border="0"> </td> <TR> <td colspan="2" align="center"><FONT SIZE="2"><B>Lava erupting from the Kamoamoa fissure on March 8, 2011. The fissure extended 2.3 km (1.4 mi) from Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; (background) to near N&#257;pau Crater (foreground). </td> </tr> </table> <P> <I><B>Kamoamoa fissure eruption (Episode 59)</B></I>: On March 5, 2011, following rapid summit deflation and increased seismic tremor, the floor of <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2011/Mar/PuuOoCollapse_20110305_small.mov">Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; began to collapse</A>. Within a few hours, the crater floor had dropped 115 m (380 ft). <P> Shortly thereafter, lava broke to the surface between Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; and N&#257;pau Crater, marking the start of Episode 59&mdash;the <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2011/Jan/20110305_0671_torr_small.mov">Kamoamoa fissure eruption</A>. <P> It began as a single 100-m- (300-ft-) long <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2011/Jan/20110306_5894_torr_A_L.jpg">fissure, with lava fountains</A> erupting as high as 20 m (65 ft). Over the next 12 hours, the eruptive fissure propagated to the northeast and southwest, eventually reaching a length of about 2.3 km (1.4 mi), with activity shifting between <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2011/Mar/20110307_mpoland_0827_L.jpg">eastern and western fissure segments</A>, and fountains reaching heights of 25-30 m (80-100 ft). <P> The Kamoamoa fissure eruption cut the lava supply to the TEB tube, and by March 7, the scattered surface flows that were active upslope from Kalapana Gardens had stalled. This marked the end of Episode 58. <P> The Kamoamoa eruption soon focused on the two ends of the fissure system, building small cinder and spatter cones. While fountaining from the eastern end of the fissure fed only shorts flows, fountains on the western end constructed <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2011/Mar/20110309_6846_jk_L.jpg">perched lava pond</A> and fed a fast-moving <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2011/Mar/20110309_LookingUpslope_web_L.jpg">channelized &#699;a&#699;&#257; flow</A> that traveled to the southeast. <P> By the morning of March 9, the &#699;a&#699;&#257; flow had reached the western edge of the 2002-2004 Mother's Day flow field, 2.9 km (1.8 mi) downslope and continued to advance. But that night, around 10:30 p.m., the fissure eruption ceased, and <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2011/Mar/20110310_6451a_torr_L.jpg">Episode 59 was over</A>. <P> <I><B>Return to Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; Crater (Episode 60)</B></I>: Following the Kamoamoa fissure eruption, K&#299;lauea's east rift zone was quiet for just over two weeks. On March 26, <A HREF="/multimedia/archive/2011/Mar/20110328_6688_torr_A_L.jpg">lava returned to Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;</A>, where a perched lava lake formed on the crater floor. <P> <!-- Footer navigational bar begins here --> <h4>References</h4> <p><cite>Heliker, C., and Brantley, S.R., 2004, The ongoing Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;-Kupaianaha eruption of K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawai`i: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3085, 2 p. | <A HREF="http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3085/fs2004-3085.pdf">PDF</a> | <A HREF="http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3085/">HTML</A> | <P> </cite> <p><cite>Heliker, C., Swanson, D.A., and Takahashi, T. J., (eds.), 2003, The Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;-Kupaianaha eruption of K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawai`i: The first twenty years: <a href="http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/prof-paper/pp1676/">USGS Professional Paper 1676</a>. 206 p.</cite> <P><cite>Heliker, C., Ulrich, G.E., Margriter, S.C., and Hoffmann, J.P., 2001, Maps showing the development of the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;--Kupaianaha Flow Field, June 1984-February 1987, K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawai`i: <A HREF="http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2685/">USGS Geologic Investigations Series, Map I-2685</A>, 4 sheets. </cite> <P><cite>Heliker C., Mangan, M., Mattox, T., and Kauahikaua, J., 1998, Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;-Kupaianaha eruption of K&#299;lauea, November 1991-February 1994; field data and flow maps <A HREF="http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-103/">Open-File Report 98-103</a>.</cite> <p><cite>Poland, M., Miklius, A., Orr, T., Sutton, J., Thornber, C. & Wilson, D. 2008, New episodes of volcanism at K&#299;lauea Volcano, Hawai`i, <A HREF="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2008EO050001.shtml">EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, vol. 89, no. 5</A>, pp. 37-38. </cite> <P><cite>Takahashi, T.J., Heliker, C.C., and Diggles, M.F., 2003, Selected images of the Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333;-Kupaianaha eruption, 1983-1997: <A HREF="http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-80/">U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-80</A>. </cite> <P><cite>Tilling, R.I., Heliker, C., and Swanson D.A., 2010, Eruptions of Hawaiian volcanoes; past, present, and future: <A HREF="http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/117/">U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 117</A>, 63 p. </cite> <p><cite>Wolfe, E.W. (ed), 1988, The Pu&#699;u &#699;&#332;&#699;&#333; eruption of K&#299;lauea Volcano: <A HREF="http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1463/report.pdf">Hawaii: Episodes 1 through 20:</A> U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1463, 251 p.</cite> <p><cite> Orr, T.R., 2011, Selected Time-Lapse Movies of the East Rift Zone Eruption of K+lauea Volcano, 2004 2008: <A HREF="http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/621/">U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 621</A>, 18 p.</cite> <p><cite> Babb, J.L., Kauahikaua, J.P., Tilling, R.I., 2011, The Story of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory--A Remarkable First 100 Years of Tracking Eruptions and Earthquakes: <A HREF="http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/135/">U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 135</A>, 69 p.</cite> <A href="#link_group_1"> <img src="http://welcome.hp.com/country/img/spacer.gif" alt="skip past bottom navigational bar" border="0" height="1" width="1"></a> <div align="center"><p><hr width="350"> <P> <A HREF="/"><IMG ALT="Home" WIDTH="51" HEIGHT="18" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/home2.gif"></A><IMG WIDTH="2" BORDER="0" Alt="blank spacer" SRC="/templates/space.gif"><A HREF="/volcanowatch/"><IMG ALT="Volcano Watch" WIDTH="97" HEIGHT="18" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/watch2.gif"></A><IMG WIDTH="2" BORDER="0" Alt="blank spacer" SRC="/templates/space.gif"><A HREF="/products/"><IMG ALT="Products" WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="18" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/products2.gif"></a><IMG Alt="blank spacer" SRC="/templates/space.gif"><A HREF="/gallery/"><IMG ALT="Gallery" WIDTH="91" HEIGHT="18" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/photo2.gif"></A><IMG WIDTH="2" BORDER="0" Alt="blank spacer" SRC="/templates/space.gif"><A HREF="/pressreleases/"><IMG ALT="Press Releases" WIDTH="95" HEIGHT="18" BORDER="0" SRC="/templates/press2.gif"></A><BR> <A HREF="/howwork/"><IMG ALT="How Hawaiian Volcanoes Work" BORDER="0" HEIGHT="20" WIDTH="407" SRC="/templates/work2.gif"></A></div> <P> <A name="link_group_1"></a> </td> </tr> </table> <p><address>The URL of this page is http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/summary/ <br>Contact: <A HREF="mailto:hvowebmaster@hvo.wr.usgs.gov">hvowebmaster@hvo.wr.usgs.gov</A> <br>Updated: 13 April 2012 (pnf) </address> </td></tr></table> </body></html>